The turtles also withdraw into their shells at the presentation of this stimulus. In the case of sensitization, repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to an increase in how strong the response is. It can also lead to other stimuli eliciting the same response as in the case of the bright light and tone both eliciting the withdraw into shell response. To know if the effect on the behavior you are seeing is due to conditioning and not sensitization, a simple adjustment can be made — the inclusion of a control group.
The experimental group would have the tone and tap paired together resulting in a withdrawal response. The control group would have the tone played and then the tap made far apart in time. Now when the tone is presented to each group alone, the experimental group would have a strong withdrawal into shell response while the control group may have the same response, but it would be weak.
The intensity of the response, or in this case it being stronger in the experimental rather than control condition, indicates conditioning has truly occurred. There is no pseudoconditioning in other words.
The answer is yes, and respondent extinction involves the CS no longer being paired with the US leading to no response when the CS is presented again. For instance, the sound of a bell ringing CS is not followed by food US as the animal has come to expect and predict, and so eventually the dog stops salivating the CR when the bell sounds.
This property leads us to wonder if the broken association of the CS and US is permanent. The answer is no and eventually, the bell will ring making the dog salivate. If no food comes, the behavior will not continue. The organism may make the response a few more times with the strength of the response weakening each time until eventually it ends. If food comes, the salivation response will be re-established.
This property is called spontaneous recovery and is when the CS elicits the CR after extinction has occurred. The association between CS and US is re-established relatively quickly once the pairing is made again. When a number of similar CS or a broad range of CS elicit the same CR, stimulus generalization is said to have occurred.
An example is the sound of a whistle eliciting salivation the same as the sound of a bell, both detected via audition. As you would expect, the more similar the new stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger the response will be. If a child was conditioned to be afraid of white rats, we would expect the response to be stronger if made in the presence of a white mouse rather than a German shepherd.
Teaching the dog to not respond to the whistle but only to the bell, and just that type of bell, is an example. Other bells would not be followed by food, eventually leading to the extinction of the erroneous association.
Teaching an organism to make such discriminations is called discrimination training. There are situations in which a stimulus becomes a CS, making other stimuli it was paired with likely candidates to become a CS in the future too. This is called sensory preconditioning. Years ago, I worked for the National Institutes of Health where I did learning and memory experiments on rats and mice.
Though when I started the rats in particular did not scare me, one fateful March day I injected a rat in the wrong spot, hurt it unintentionally, of course , and it promptly turned around and took a piece of my hand with it. Through that experience, and some close calls after that, I came to associate rats CS with fear CR when injecting them. Before all this, I associated rats NS1 with their home cage where they lived NS2 from which I took them out to handle.
Animals can detect fear, so this was not a good development, but also my confidence declined. What was the end result? After a few months, I no longer worked with rats. This was not because of the bite incident. In keeping with what we learned about extinction above, eventually having numerous attempts injecting rats and not being bitten, the fear would have extinguished. That is what happened. Unfortunately, when the rat bit me he intensified my allergies that I did not realize were to the rats and mice I worked with.
I believed they were just normal seasonal allergies and worse that year than past years, which did happen from time-to-time. I went about my business, ignorant of just how close to going into anaphylactic shock I truly was. So exit mice and rats. Enter fruit flies as my research subject of choice for learning and memory experiments from that point forward. I did that for about a year and finally had enough.
The property of latent inhibition states that it is easier to condition a novel stimulus than a familiar one Lublow, If you are using music as an NS, use a song you are unfamiliar with or your subjects are such as a Barry Manilow song, rather than one they know and listen to often such as Lady Gaga or Taylor Swift.
If you use that Taylor Swift song as the NS, salivation is not likely to occur, assuming the participants have heard it numerous times already. The benefit of latent inhibition is that we do not form associations between CRs and repetitive stimuli in our environment that are linked by mistake or coincidentally. Hence, the more preexposure an organism has to a US, the worse learning is later and habituation may be the culprit here. Being exposed repeatedly to the US before conditioning, the organism may habituate to it at least to some degree, making conditioning more difficult.
There are times when we are presented with two or more stimuli simultaneously, called a compound stimulus. We might, for instance, be presented with a light and a sound at the same time. In what is called overshadowing Pavlov, , two neutral stimuli are presented at the same time and the more salient of the two becomes a CS. Which part of the compound would become the CS and elicit salivation? It appears the tone which was high-pitched would stand out more than a mere green light.
But what if this green light was neon green or flashing and the tone was relatively faint and monotone? Now the light would be the more relevant or salient stimulus and become conditioned as the CS. The more salient part of the compound stimulus causes the less salient part to elicit little to no response, or remain as an NS. This differs from overshadowing which has two NS as part of the compound stimulus differing only in terms of salience.
The dog will learn that when it hears the tone CS food is coming and will salivate CR. What if now you present the tone CS with a green light several times NS; note that the tone and light are a compound stimulus and presented simultaneously and pair them with food US , which causes salivation UR.
By doing this, you are trying to teach the dog to salivate to the green light, but when the stimuli are presented separately, the tone CS elicits salivation CR while the green light NS causes no response. The former learning has blocked the new learning. The context in which learning occurs is also important. In other words, the CS elicits a CR only when the feature is present, called a feature-positive occasion setter. This feature may also indicate when a CS will not be followed by the US, called a feature-negative occasion setter Palmatier, What if the food only comes out if the bell rings when a white light over it turns on OS or occasion setter.
If the light is off when the bell rings NS , no food comes out, which will not elicit the behavior of salivation. We can test whether the discrimination was made by turning the light on OS when the bell rings CS , which leads to salivation CR; and the correct response and then not having the light on when the bell rings, which should cause no response in the organism.
If this is true, conditioning and the discrimination was learned. The animal now knows that food will only come out when the light is turned on during the ringing of the bell and salivate. In this final section of Module 4, we will cover five theories of conditioning that identify the processes that underly respondent conditioning.
They include the stimulus substitution theory, preparatory-response theory, compensatory response theory, Rescorla-Wagner model, and the attentional model. According to Pavlov , respondent conditioning is a matter of substituting one stimulus with another, or the CS acts as a substitute for the US. A connection or association is established in the brain between CS and US, and when the CS is activated alone, following acquisition, it automatically activates the US portion of the cortex.
As such, the presentation of food US to a dog activates the food center in the cerebral cortex. This, in turn, activates the salivation center in the brain which leads to the behavior of salivation UR. Then if we introduce an NS such as a bell ringing, it activates an area of the brain responsible for processing the sound and then is followed by an US and UR as described above.
This happens over a few trials the conditioning phase. Learning has occurred if after the presentation of the bell CS the area of the brain which processes the sound of the bell activates the area responsible for processing the food, which activates the area responsible for salivation, and then salivation CR occurs.
It is the simultaneous activation of the brain areas responsible for the CS and then the US that causes a new functional neural pathway to form between the active areas. It should be noted that Pavlov was incorrect and the process is more complex than he made it seem. In one situation, a woodblock was secured to a platform and was the CS for food, while in the other situation a live rat was secured to the platform and was the CS for food.
Utilizing the stimulus substitution theory, they predicted that the rats would approach and bite the CSs that were paired with the food. The results showed that rats in the woodblock condition bit the block CS as predicted but this did not occur when a live rat was the CS. Instead, rats groomed the live rat CS. They concluded that the nature of the CS influenced the topography of the CR, contradicting the stimulus substitution theory. Aversion therapy has also been considered for treating obesity, but it was extremely hard to generalize to all foods and maintain outside of the therapy.
Some experts believe that using negative stimulus in aversion therapy is equal to using punishment as a form of therapy, which is unethical. A homosexual person could be imprisoned or potentially forced into a program of aversion therapy for revealing their orientation. Some people did voluntarily seek this or other types of psychiatric therapy for homosexuality. This was often due to shame and guilt, as well as societal stigma and discrimination.
After the APA removed homosexuality as a disorder due no scientific evidence, most research on aversion therapy for homosexuality stopped. Yet, this harmful and unethical use of aversion therapy left it with a bad reputation. Aversion therapy may be helpful for stopping specific types of unwanted behaviors or habits. Aversion therapy is a type of counterconditioning treatment. A second one is called exposure therapy , which works by exposing a person to something they fear.
Sometimes these two types of therapies can be combined for a better outcome. Therapists may also recommend other types of behavioral therapy , along with in or outpatient rehabilitation programs for substance use disorders.
For many people who experience addiction , support networks can also help to keep them on track with recovery. Medication may be prescribed in some cases, including for smoking cessation, mental health conditions, and obesity.
Aversion therapy aims to help people stop undesirable behaviors or habits. Research is mixed on its uses, and many doctors may not recommend it due to criticism and controversy. You and your healthcare provider can discuss the right treatment plan for you, whether that includes aversion therapy or not.
Often, a combination of treatments including talk therapy and medication can help you cope with your concern. If you have a substance use disorder or believe you may be experiencing addiction, reach out to a healthcare provider. There are countless approaches to therapy.
Systematic desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that moves at a slower pace. We'll go over how it works and what it might look like for…. Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for therapies that treat mental health disorders. It identifies and helps change self-destructive or unhealthy…. Online therapy has proven to help those experiencing isolation, depression, and anxiety. Here are the best free online therapy and counseling websites.
Chemistry Engineering Mathematics Physics. Samsung Describes. Which option best describes aversive conditioning? Psyc Which option best describes aversive conditioning? Asked by: Pamala. Ads by Google. This site is best viewed while logged in.
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