Table 1 : Break-up of petrol and diesel retail prices in Delhi as on October 16, Price Charged to Dealers. Excise Duty levied by centre. Dealer Commission average. Retail Price. The figure below shows the different tax rates levied by states on petrol and diesel. In addition to the tax rates shown in the graph, many state governments, such as Tamil Nadu, also levy certain additional levies such as cess Rs Note: The rates shown for Maharashtra are averages of the rates levied in the Mumbai-Thane region and in the rest of the state.
Only percentages are being shown in this graph. Note that unlike excise duty, sales tax is an ad valorem tax, i. This implies that while the value of excise duty component of the price structure is fixed, the value of the sales tax component is dependent on the other three components, i. Retail prices in India compared to global crude oil price. Because of a large share of imports in the domestic consumption, any change in the global price of crude oil has a significant impact on the domestic prices of petroleum products.
The two figures below show the trend in the price of global crude oil and retail prices of petrol and diesel in India, over the last nine years. Petrol and diesel retail prices are for Delhi. Figures reflect average monthly price. Between June and October , the retail selling prices did not adhere to change in global crude oil prices. The global prices fell sharply between June and January , and then subsequently increased between February and October However, the retail selling prices remained stable during the entire period.
This disparity in the change in global and Indian retail prices was because of the subsequent changes in taxes. For instance, central taxes were increased by Rs 11 and 13 between June and January on petrol and diesel respectively. Subsequently, taxes were decreased by four rupees between February and October for petrol and diesel.
Sharp increase in excise duty collections. As a result of the increase in excise duty in May , the excise duty collection increased sharply from Rs 2. However, sales tax collections from petroleum products during that period remained more or less constant Figure 3. Note: The excise duty component in the figure includes cess on crude oil. Share of states in excise duty has decreased over the years. These devolved taxes are un-tied in nature, states can spend them according to their own discretion.
The excise duty levied on petrol and diesel consists of two broad components: i tax component i. Of this, only the revenue generated from the tax component is devolved to states. Revenue generated by the centre from any cess or surcharge is not devolved to states. Currently, the Agriculture Infrastructure and Development Cess, and the Road and Infrastructure Cess are levied on the sale of petrol and diesel in addition to the surcharge. In the Union Budget , the Agriculture Infrastructure and Development cess on petrol and diesel was announced at Rs 2.
However, simultaneously, the basic excise duty and surcharge were reduced by equal amounts, so that the overall rate remains the same. Essentially, this provision shifted a revenue of Rs 1. Table 2 : Break up of excise duty Rs per litre.
Excise duty. Tax devolved to states. Cess and surcharge centre. As a result, the devolution to states out of the excise duty has declined over the last four years. Even though the excise duty collections have increased sharply between and , the devolved component has declined from Rs 26, to Rs 19, revised estimate in the same period. Andhra Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh. Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Himachal Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra Rest of State. Tamil Nadu. Uttar Pradesh. West Bengal. Parliament States Primer. During its weekly conference—a private meeting of the justices—the court reviews petitions and decides whether or not to grant certiorari.
The court accepts and hears arguments in about 80 cases per term and settles or more cases without hearing arguments. Granting certiorari requires affirmative votes from four justices. This page covers cases that were granted certiorari Latin for "to be more fully informed. Original jurisdiction cases typically involve disputes between two states. It reversed 55 lower court decisions This term's reversal rate was nine percentage points higher than the average rate of reversal since Sixteen of the October term cases originated in the 9th Circuit , the most from any circuit including state courts.
The 9th Circuit had 15 cases reversed. Of those, it reversed a lower court decision times The next-most is the 5th Circuit , which had 79 decisions. During that span, SCOTUS overturned a greater number of cases originating from the 9th Circuit , but it overturned a higher percentage of cases originating in the 6th Circuit The United States Courts of Appeals are the intermediate appellate courts of the nation.
There are 16 of these courts. Decisions of the district courts are appealed to the circuit courts, and appeals of circuit court decisions are heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. The United States District Courts are the trial courts of the federal courts. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the district court, which is a court of both law and equity. This level of court is composed of 94 different courts. There is at least one judicial district for each state, and one each for Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia.
The United States Bankruptcy Courts handle matters of bankruptcy across the nation. The jurisdiction of these courts corresponds with the jurisdiction of the United States District Courts. There are seven courts of subject-matter jurisdiction in the federal court system. Click here for a summary of these courts.
These courts are:. The table below shows the number of judges of each type within the court structure, how they are selected, and how long their term lasts.
Its figures were last updated on November 2, Article III judges refer to judges who serve on courts authorized by Article III of the Constitution, which created and enumerated the powers of the judiciary.
These judges are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. Senate before joining the court. These judges serve life terms. Article III judges are not the only ones serving the federal judiciary. Bankruptcy judges and magistrate judges also contribute to case resolution.
Bankruptcy judges serve year renewable terms after being appointed by the judges of the corresponding Circuit Court of Appeal. Magistrate judges serve eight-year renewable terms and are appointed by a majority vote of active district judges on the court. The table below displays the number of judges in each circuit and indicates how many were appointed by presidents from each major political party. It also includes the number of vacancies on a circuit and how many pending nominations for that circuit are before the United States Senate.
The table can be sorted by clicking the column headers above the line. It is updated every Monday. The map below displays the composition of federal circuit courts by the partisan affiliation of each judge's appointing president. Hover your mouse of the map to see the breakdown of by circuit court. It is updated monthly. The table below displays the number of judges in each district and indicates how many were appointed by presidents from each major political party.
It also includes the number of vacancies in a district and how many pending nominations for that district are before the United States Senate. The table can be sorted by clicking the column headers above the line, and you can navigate through the pages by clicking the arrows at the top of the table.
Federal judges are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There are multiple steps to the process:. The most integral responsibility of the executive branch as pertains to the judiciary is to nominate and appoint judges for service on the federal courts.
See this category for a list of every judge appointed by each president throughout U. For a list of current vacancies on the federal courts, click here. He or she is responsible for the United States attorneys assigned to each judicial district, as well as the assistant United States attorneys serving. The United States Solicitor General argues cases on behalf of the federal government.
The United States Senate is responsible for confirming federal judges following appointment by the president. The Senate Judiciary Committee evaluates nominees and considers federal legislation pertaining to the judicial branch. Senators are also charged with recommending nominees to the president for appointment to federal courts in their respective states. The United States House of Representatives Committee on Judiciary considers and recommends legislation pertaining to the judicial branch.
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